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The discrete element method (DEM) refers to a type of modeling approach in which the dynamic/time transient behavior of a system comprising of a large number of distinct bodies with arbitrary shapes is studied. These bodies may be considered as either deformable or rigid, which continuously come into contact with each other and rebound. The translational and rotational motions of each body are formulated in the model and are highly dependent on type and strength of interactions of the bodies with the surrounding medium through contact and interparticle effects. The bodies may interact with each other through their contact points/ areas. Depending on the operating conditions of the system, interparticle interactions, such as van der Waals, liquid bridge, and electrostatic forces, may exist between distinct bodies even if they are not in contact. In multiphase flows, the fluid interacts with the distinct bodies in the system. The interaction between each body and the fluid is mutual. During the motion of bodies

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discrete-element method